Residency, citizenship, AIMA, SEF, Golden Visa, D7/D2/D3 visas, and Digital Nomad visa.
President António José Seguro has ratified new legislation that increases the required residency period for foreigners seeking Portuguese nationality. These changes, which eliminate certain existing citizenship pathways, follow a significant rise in the foreign population, which now totals 1.5 million residents.
The newly formed Qualified Immigrants Union (União dos Imigrantes Qualificados or Uniq) has criticized the recently promulgated Nationality Law for extending access timelines and ignoring the positive contributions of foreign residents. The law, which takes effect upon publication in the Diário da República, ends the special naturalization route for descendants of Sephardic Jews and introduces stricter criteria for citizenship. Only pending applications will be processed under the previous rules.
The Official Journal (Diário da República) is Portugal's government gazette where laws, decrees and public contracts are formally published and take legal effect. Public‑private partnership approvals and other official notices — like the launch of the Central Algarve Hospital PPP — are published there so residents and businesses can find the authoritative text.
Donations to cultural projects through the golden visa (autorização de residência para atividade de investimento) program reached nearly 46 million euros in 2025, a fourfold increase from the previous year. This residency pathway requires non-EU investors to donate at least 250,000 euros to state-approved cultural initiatives, such as museums and heritage restoration.
The Golden Visa (Autorização de Residência para Investimento, ARI) is Portugal's residence-by-investment program, created in 2012, granting non-EU nationals a residency permit in exchange for qualifying investments.
Since October 2023, direct residential real estate purchases no longer qualify — a reform aimed at easing housing market pressure. Eligible investment routes now include capital transfers (€500,000+), investment fund subscriptions, job creation, and contributions to scientific research or cultural heritage. Minimum amounts and conditions vary by category.
A Golden Visa provides Schengen travel rights, requires minimal physical presence in Portugal (7 days per year), and offers a pathway to permanent residency after five years and citizenship after six. The program has been politically controversial, with ongoing debate about its impact on housing prices and its value as an economic stimulus.
Applicants must deal with AIMA for residency processing, which has experienced significant backlogs.
President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa has promulgated the parliamentary decree amending the Nationality Law, which introduces stricter naturalization criteria and ends the acquisition route for descendants of Sephardic Jews. While the law is now official, the President expressed reservations regarding the lack of broad political consensus. Meanwhile, the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (AIMA) is exploring new pathways for migrant students to avoid detention, though specific rules for the new integration tests remain undefined.
Electoral Mandate and Democratic Consensus:
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was elected President of Portugal on January 24, 2016, winning 52.0% of the vote in the first round—a decisive victory in a fragmented field. He campaigned as an independent, positioning himself as a unifying figure after years of austerity from Portugal's 2011–14 bailout, promising to repair political divisions and restore national confidence. His campaign emphasized moderation and cross-party consensus, a departure from his decades-long association with the center-right Social Democratic Party (PSD). Upon taking office on March 9, 2016, he suspended his party membership for the duration of his presidency.
His 2021 re-election proved extraordinary: Rebelo de Sousa secured 60.7% of the vote—the third-highest margin in Portuguese presidential electoral history since the 1974 Carnation Revolution. Historically, he became the first candidate ever to win in all 308 municipalities and the vast majority of parishes, ranging from 51.3% in Beja District to 72.16% in Madeira. This unprecedented sweep reflected his broad appeal across social, geographic, and ideological divides.
Constitutional Role and Crisis Leadership:
Portugal operates as a semi-presidential system where the president, while largely ceremonial, exercises meaningful influence over national security, foreign policy, and military affairs as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. Rebelo de Sousa leveraged this authority during Portugal's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, he requested parliamentary authorization for a state of emergency—the first nationwide declaration in 46 years of democratic history—to contain the crisis. He voluntarily quarantined after potential COVID-19 exposure in March 2020, and later tested positive in January 2021 while remaining asymptomatic. His measured handling of the pandemic, balancing public health with institutional continuity, contributed to his landslide 2021 re-election.
Diplomatic Engagement and International Presence:
Rebelo de Sousa has conducted extensive state visits representing Portugal's interests across diverse regions: the Vatican, Spain, Mozambique, Morocco, Brazil, Switzerland, Cuba, the United Kingdom, Greece, the United States, and Angola. A notable diplomatic highlight occurred in 2019 when he joined President Emmanuel Macron at the Bastille Day military parade in Paris, representing European military cooperation and the European Intervention Initiative. These engagements positioned Portugal as an active participant in global affairs, particularly regarding colonial history and Atlantic security partnerships.
Colonial Legacy and Historical Accountability:
During his presidency, Rebelo de Sousa has publicly supported making restitution and acknowledging abuses committed during Portugal's colonial history and the country's role in the Atlantic slave trade. This position marked a significant policy shift, as Portugal historically avoided confronting its imperial past compared to other European powers. His stance reflected evolving attitudes within Portuguese society toward historical accountability.
Controversies and Public Criticism:
Rebelo de Sousa's presidency has not been without controversy. In 2023, allegations emerged that he had intervened to expedite treatment for Brazilian twins with Zolgensma, an expensive rare disease medication, raising questions about presidential influence and potential corruption. These claims implicated his son and generated criticism across Portuguese political and media sectors. Additionally, in April 2024, Rebelo de Sousa made controversial remarks comparing the speed of Prime Ministers António Costa and Luís Montenegro using orientalist language that drew public rebuke. In August 2025, he called U.S. President Donald Trump a "Russian asset" at a PSD event, demonstrating his willingness to make provocative foreign policy statements.
Constitutional Constraints and Legacy:
Under Portugal's constitution, Rebelo de Sousa is barred from running for a third consecutive term, meaning his presidency concludes with elections scheduled for January 18, 2026. His decade-long tenure has established him as one of Portugal's most popular recent heads of state, characterized by broad consensus-building and institutional stability. Whether future presidents can replicate his cross-party appeal remains an open question for Portuguese democracy as it enters a new era.
The government plans to increase the number of places in immigrant detention centers by 300 before the summer, with a long-term goal of reaching 600 spaces. These facilities are used to house individuals who have received official orders to leave the country.
The President of the Republic promulgated the bill amending the Nationality Law this evening, although he expressed a desire to see a greater political consensus.
President of the Republic António José Seguro has promulgated the parliamentary decree amending the Nationality Law (Lei da Nacionalidade), which was approved by the PSD, Chega, IL, and CDS-PP. While the law is now set to move forward, the President expressed a desire for broader political consensus and warned against ideological influence. He also emphasized that pending citizenship applications must remain unaffected to maintain trust in the state.
Update: Nationality Law changes spark debate over citizenship waiting periods
The newly enacted legislation extends the naturalization period for most non-CPLP applicants from five to 10 years. Critics, including the Left Bloc (Bloco de Esquerda or BE) and the Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Comunista Português or PCP), have raised concerns regarding potential statelessness for children born in Portugal and the lack of a transitional regime for those already in the application process.
António José Martins Seguro (born March 11, 1962, in Penamacor) is a lawyer, political scientist, and the current President of the Portuguese Republic, inaugurated on March 9, 2026 after winning the two-round presidential election in January–February 2026.
Career: He led Socialist Youth (1990–1994), served as MEP (1999–2001), was Minister Adjunct to PM António Guterres (2001–2002), and led the PS parliamentary group (2004–2005). Elected PS Secretary-General in 2011 with 68%, he led the opposition during Portugal's bailout era. In 2014, António Costa defeated him in party primaries by a landslide, prompting Seguro's resignation and a decade-long retreat from politics. He returned in 2025, launching the movement UPortugal and announcing his presidential candidacy in June. He received official PS backing in October 2025 and won the presidency in February 2026.
Political philosophy: Seguro positions himself as representing a "modern and moderate" left, advocating financial responsibility while opposing austerity. As President, he has emphasized institutional trust, efficient governance, and a collaborative relationship with the government while maintaining rigorous constitutional oversight.
The Law of Nationality (Lei da Nacionalidade) is Portugal’s legal framework for acquiring Portuguese citizenship, covering citizenship by descent, cases of birth in Portugal under specified conditions, marriage, and naturalisation. It typically requires a period of legal residence and basic Portuguese language knowledge for naturalisation, so petitions from Brazilian residents in Portugal usually seek changes or clarifications about those residency, documentation or language requirements that affect their ability to apply.
António Filipe is a politician from the PCP (Partido Comunista Português) who, in this story, acknowledged that his election results fell short and said the party would join forces to oppose what it called a 'serious threat to democracy'. His remarks indicate the PCP intends to be active in post-election alliances rather than withdrawing from national debates. Voters and those following left-wing politics should pay attention to his and the PCP's next moves.
The government plans to increase the capacity of immigrant detention centers by installing temporary modular structures before the summer. Secretary of State for Immigration Rui Armindo Freitas stated that the Ministry of Internal Administration is working to meet the requirements of the European Pact on Migration and Asylum.
The European Pact on Migration and Asylum (Pacto Europeu sobre Migração e Asilo) is a set of EU regulations designed to standardize how member states manage border security, asylum applications, and the relocation of migrants. It aims to create a more uniform process across the bloc, ensuring that countries share responsibility for processing arrivals and handling returns of individuals who do not qualify for asylum.
The Migration Technicians Union has called for a rigorous investigation into the circumstances that led to Judicial Police (Polícia Judiciária or PJ) searches at the Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) branch in the Azores. The union expressed solidarity with staff in Ponta Delgada and warned that the negative public exposure of the institution is placing significant pressure on its employees.
The PJ (Polícia Judiciária) is Portugal's national criminal investigation police agency, founded in 1945. Operating under the Ministry of Justice and supervised by the Public Ministry (prosecutors), the PJ is a "higher criminal police body" specializing in serious and complex crimes. Mission: The PJ assists judicial and prosecuting authorities by investigating terrorism, organized crime, homicide, kidnapping, drug trafficking, corruption, cybercrime, financial crime, and money laundering. It conducts forensic examinations, operates Portugal's Interpol and Europol liaison offices, and maintains specialized units including the National Counterterrorism Unit and National Anti-Corruption Unit. Difference from PSP/GNR: While PSP (civilian urban police) and GNR (military rural police) focus on preventive policing, public order, and investigating minor crimes, the PJ exclusively handles serious crime investigation requiring specialized technical and scientific expertise. PSP and GNR report to the Ministry of Internal Affairs; PJ reports to the Ministry of Justice. PJ officers receive higher pay and prestige but face greater operational risk.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (AIMA) has issued a warning regarding fraudulent schemes targeting immigrants seeking appointments. The agency emphasized that all scheduling requests for in-person services are free and must be handled exclusively through official state channels or by the applicants themselves.
The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (AIMA) has opened an internal inquiry after the Judicial Police (PJ) conducted searches at its office in Ponta Delgada. The agency stated it is providing full cooperation with the authorities regarding the investigation.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The PJ (Polícia Judiciária) is Portugal's national criminal investigation police agency, founded in 1945. Operating under the Ministry of Justice and supervised by the Public Ministry (prosecutors), the PJ is a "higher criminal police body" specializing in serious and complex crimes. Mission: The PJ assists judicial and prosecuting authorities by investigating terrorism, organized crime, homicide, kidnapping, drug trafficking, corruption, cybercrime, financial crime, and money laundering. It conducts forensic examinations, operates Portugal's Interpol and Europol liaison offices, and maintains specialized units including the National Counterterrorism Unit and National Anti-Corruption Unit. Difference from PSP/GNR: While PSP (civilian urban police) and GNR (military rural police) focus on preventive policing, public order, and investigating minor crimes, the PJ exclusively handles serious crime investigation requiring specialized technical and scientific expertise. PSP and GNR report to the Ministry of Internal Affairs; PJ reports to the Ministry of Justice. PJ officers receive higher pay and prestige but face greater operational risk.
The government announced that the mission structure for the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) has resolved 26,000 immigration requests. Officials stated that 92% of cases have been processed, though they acknowledged that administrative challenges and service capacity issues continue to persist.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) is facing scrutiny after reports of an attempt to expel a long-term resident. The individual, who has lived in Portugal for eight years, reportedly cannot renew her documents due to a lack of response from AIMA, despite having established a home and business in the country.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The Directorate-General of Health (Direção-Geral da Saúde or DGS) reported 18,601 pregnancy terminations in 2024, a 5% increase from the previous year. Most procedures were elective, performed within the first ten weeks of pregnancy, with the Lisbon and Tagus Valley region accounting for over half of the total cases.
The DGS (Direção-Geral da Saúde) is Portugal's central public health authority, responsible for setting health policy guidelines, managing vaccination programs, disease surveillance, and public health campaigns. It operates under the Ministry of Health.
The DGS issues clinical guidelines (normas) that health professionals across Portugal follow, manages the national vaccination schedule, coordinates responses to disease outbreaks, and publishes health statistics. It became widely known during the COVID-19 pandemic as the lead agency for public health guidance.
For residents, the DGS is the authoritative source for vaccination schedules, health alerts, and clinical guidance. Its recommendations shape how hospitals and health centers deliver care across the country.
The government has increased funding for the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (AIMA) to €28 million over the next three years. This investment aims to strengthen socio-cultural mediation and leverage synergies created by the mission structure tasked with recovering pending immigration processes.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) has reversed multiple expulsion orders against foreign residents in the last month after media intervention. In one case, the agency ordered a resident to leave despite her daughter's residency permit being renewed, later citing an administrative error.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The government of Guinea-Bissau has criticized Portuguese authorities for the detention of Guinean students at Lisbon airport, alleging failures in the visa issuance process. Justice Minister Carlos Pinto Pereira stated that students holding valid visas should be permitted entry, while Portuguese officials maintain that the detentions are due to missing documentation. At least 18 students have been affected since the beginning of April, with many returning to Bissau.
Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva concluded his visit to Portugal this Tuesday, meeting with Prime Minister Luís Montenegro and President of the Republic António José Seguro. While the visit focused on strengthening bilateral ties and trade, Lula did not address specific changes to Portuguese immigration and nationality laws, disappointing some members of the Brazilian community. Montenegro highlighted that Portugal has regularized over 235,000 Brazilian immigrant applications in the last two years.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the current President of Brazil, serving his third term since January 2023. A prominent figure in Brazilian politics, he previously served as president from 2003 to 2010 and is a founding member of the Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores).
Luís Filipe Montenegro Cardoso de Morais Esteves (born February 16, 1973, in Porto) is a Portuguese lawyer and center‑right politician who has served as Prime Minister of Portugal since April 2, 2024. A long‑time member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), he is the leading figure of the post‑Troika generation of Portuguese conservatives. Montenegro was elected to the Assembly of the Republic in 2002 for the Aveiro district and remained an MP for 16 years, becoming PSD parliamentary leader from 2011 to 2017 during the bailout and austerity period under Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho. He was a prominent defender of strict austerity measures, arguing in 2014 that “the life of the people is no better, but the life of the country is a lot better,” a phrase that has followed his public image since. After an unsuccessful leadership bid against Rui Rio in 2020, Montenegro won the PSD leadership in 2022. He then forged the centre‑right Democratic Alliance (PSD–CDS‑PP and allies), which won a plurality of seats in the 2024 legislative election. Refusing to partner with the far‑right Chega, which he has called “often xenophobic, racist, populist and excessively demagogic,” he formed a minority government as head of the XXIV Constitutional Government on April 2, 2024. His first government fell in March 2025 after a no‑confidence vote linked to a conflict‑of‑interest affair, but fresh elections saw the Democratic Alliance increase its seat share, allowing Montenegro to return as prime minister leading the XXV Constitutional Government. His importance to Portugal lies in attempting to re‑center the traditional centre‑right after the crisis years, defending liberal‑conservative economics and EU alignment while drawing a sharp line against formal cooperation with the radical right, thus shaping how Portuguese democracy manages its new multi‑party era.
The President of the Republic of Brazil is received in São Bento and Belém this Tuesday, and it is alongside Prime Minister Luís Montenegro, rather than the President, that he will make a joint statement. Brazil admits “disagreements” with Portugal regarding the nationality law.
Legal professionals are denouncing the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) for failing to pay for services rendered. Lawyers hired to analyze migration cases report thousands of euros in outstanding payments, noting the situation deteriorated following the conclusion of a specific task force. The president of AIMA stated that approximately 200,000 euros remain to be settled.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) has reopened its online portal for family reunification requests. The service is now available to citizens of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa or CPLP) seeking to bring minor children to Portugal. This development occurs ahead of the visit by Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who is expected to discuss immigration policy with Prime Minister Luís Montenegro.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the current President of Brazil, serving his third term since January 2023. A prominent figure in Brazilian politics, he previously served as president from 2003 to 2010 and is a founding member of the Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores).
Luís Filipe Montenegro Cardoso de Morais Esteves (born February 16, 1973, in Porto) is a Portuguese lawyer and center‑right politician who has served as Prime Minister of Portugal since April 2, 2024. A long‑time member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), he is the leading figure of the post‑Troika generation of Portuguese conservatives. Montenegro was elected to the Assembly of the Republic in 2002 for the Aveiro district and remained an MP for 16 years, becoming PSD parliamentary leader from 2011 to 2017 during the bailout and austerity period under Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho. He was a prominent defender of strict austerity measures, arguing in 2014 that “the life of the people is no better, but the life of the country is a lot better,” a phrase that has followed his public image since. After an unsuccessful leadership bid against Rui Rio in 2020, Montenegro won the PSD leadership in 2022. He then forged the centre‑right Democratic Alliance (PSD–CDS‑PP and allies), which won a plurality of seats in the 2024 legislative election. Refusing to partner with the far‑right Chega, which he has called “often xenophobic, racist, populist and excessively demagogic,” he formed a minority government as head of the XXIV Constitutional Government on April 2, 2024. His first government fell in March 2025 after a no‑confidence vote linked to a conflict‑of‑interest affair, but fresh elections saw the Democratic Alliance increase its seat share, allowing Montenegro to return as prime minister leading the XXV Constitutional Government. His importance to Portugal lies in attempting to re‑center the traditional centre‑right after the crisis years, defending liberal‑conservative economics and EU alignment while drawing a sharp line against formal cooperation with the radical right, thus shaping how Portuguese democracy manages its new multi‑party era.
The Public Prosecutor's Office has opened an inquiry into alleged fraud involving Portuguese language courses for immigrants (Português Língua de Acolhimento or PLA). These courses are essential for immigrants seeking permanent residency or nationality, and the investigation follows reports of irregularities in the certification process. The courses are provided by public schools, the Institute for Employment and Vocational Training (Instituto do Emprego e da Formação Profissional or IEFP), and private partners.
The Institute of Employment and Vocational Training (IEFP) (Instituto do Emprego e Formação Profissional) runs employment centres, job-placement services and vocational training in Portugal and publishes official unemployment data. IEFP reported a 10.8% drop in registered unemployed in December year‑on‑year and near‑stable figures from November, so job-seeking residents (including expats) should register with IEFP to access unemployment benefits, training and hiring programmes.
The Portuguese as a Language of Reception (Português Língua de Acolhimento or PLA) is a mandatory language training program for foreign residents in Portugal. Completion of this course is often a requirement for those seeking to obtain permanent residency or Portuguese citizenship.
The expiration of the exceptional validity period for residence permits on April 15, 2026, has left approximately 8,000 immigrant drivers unable to work. Platforms require valid documentation to keep accounts active, and the Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) has failed to meet the 60-day deadline for issuing physical cards. Many affected workers, including a large number of Brazilian nationals, have been waiting months for their definitive permits.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
Approximately 8,000 drivers for ride-hailing platforms (Transporte Individual e Remunerado de Passageiros em Veículos Descaracterizados a partir de Plataforma Eletrónica or TVDE) have been blocked from working due to pending residency permit renewals. The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) has clarified that proof of an ongoing renewal process should be sufficient for drivers to continue their operations.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
The ride-hailing platform Bolt has confirmed it will not block immigrant drivers currently undergoing the residency permit renewal process. The company has extended the deadline for drivers to provide updated documentation by 30 days, acknowledging the administrative delays currently affecting many foreign workers in Portugal.
The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) has acknowledged a procedural error in the residency renewal application of a nine-year-old Brazilian child. The agency confirmed that the previously issued notice requiring the child to leave the country has been cancelled and the process is being corrected.
Update: AIMA faces further criticism over residency errors
Reports have emerged of additional administrative errors, including a case where a 41-year-old Brazilian woman was incorrectly registered as a minor, and her husband was denied residency renewal due to alleged failure to prove housing. These cases have intensified public scrutiny regarding the agency's efficiency in processing residency applications.
Temporary residence is a limited residence permit that allows non‑EU nationals to live in Portugal for a set period (commonly one year, renewable) for study, work or other reasons. The Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) launching an online form means eligible students who also work can apply or regularise their status more easily through AIMA’s process rather than only via consular services.
Capital transfers for cultural projects linked to the golden visa (autorização de residência para atividade de investimento) program reached 46.8 million euros in 2025, a 298% increase over the previous year. Data from the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports shows that US citizens are the most frequent users of this investment route, followed by Chinese and Indian nationals.
The Golden Visa (Autorização de Residência para Investimento, ARI) is Portugal's residence-by-investment program, created in 2012, granting non-EU nationals a residency permit in exchange for qualifying investments.
Since October 2023, direct residential real estate purchases no longer qualify — a reform aimed at easing housing market pressure. Eligible investment routes now include capital transfers (€500,000+), investment fund subscriptions, job creation, and contributions to scientific research or cultural heritage. Minimum amounts and conditions vary by category.
A Golden Visa provides Schengen travel rights, requires minimal physical presence in Portugal (7 days per year), and offers a pathway to permanent residency after five years and citizenship after six. The program has been politically controversial, with ongoing debate about its impact on housing prices and its value as an economic stimulus.
Applicants must deal with AIMA for residency processing, which has experienced significant backlogs.
Three former inspectors of the Foreigners and Borders Service (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras or SEF) convicted for the murder of Ihor Homeniuk were released on parole in late March. The decision was confirmed by the Execution of Sentences Court (Tribunal de Execução de Penas or TEP) following their initial nine-year prison sentences.
The Foreigners and Borders Service (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras or SEF) was a police agency responsible for border control and immigration management until it was abolished in October 2023. Its functions were transferred to other entities, such as the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) and the police forces, following a restructuring intended to separate administrative services from security enforcement.
Brazilian President Lula da Silva is scheduled to visit Portugal on April 21, where he will meet with President António José Seguro and Prime Minister Luís Montenegro. Brazilian officials indicated that the recently approved Portuguese nationality law will be discussed as a delicate matter of interest alongside immigration and xenophobia.
Luís Filipe Montenegro Cardoso de Morais Esteves (born February 16, 1973, in Porto) is a Portuguese lawyer and center‑right politician who has served as Prime Minister of Portugal since April 2, 2024. A long‑time member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), he is the leading figure of the post‑Troika generation of Portuguese conservatives. Montenegro was elected to the Assembly of the Republic in 2002 for the Aveiro district and remained an MP for 16 years, becoming PSD parliamentary leader from 2011 to 2017 during the bailout and austerity period under Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho. He was a prominent defender of strict austerity measures, arguing in 2014 that “the life of the people is no better, but the life of the country is a lot better,” a phrase that has followed his public image since. After an unsuccessful leadership bid against Rui Rio in 2020, Montenegro won the PSD leadership in 2022. He then forged the centre‑right Democratic Alliance (PSD–CDS‑PP and allies), which won a plurality of seats in the 2024 legislative election. Refusing to partner with the far‑right Chega, which he has called “often xenophobic, racist, populist and excessively demagogic,” he formed a minority government as head of the XXIV Constitutional Government on April 2, 2024. His first government fell in March 2025 after a no‑confidence vote linked to a conflict‑of‑interest affair, but fresh elections saw the Democratic Alliance increase its seat share, allowing Montenegro to return as prime minister leading the XXV Constitutional Government. His importance to Portugal lies in attempting to re‑center the traditional centre‑right after the crisis years, defending liberal‑conservative economics and EU alignment while drawing a sharp line against formal cooperation with the radical right, thus shaping how Portuguese democracy manages its new multi‑party era.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the current President of Brazil, serving his third term since January 2023. A prominent figure in Brazilian politics, he previously served as president from 2003 to 2010 and is a founding member of the Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores).
The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) now allows immigrants enrolled in vocational courses to request residency appointment slots through its official online contact form. This administrative pathway aims to help thousands of students regularize their status in Portugal.
The AIMA (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo—Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum) is Portugal's immigration authority responsible for managing residence permits, visa processing, asylum, and immigrant integration.
History: AIMA replaced the dissolved SEF (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras) on October 29, 2023, following a 2021 Assembly decision. SEF's dissolution was motivated by reform needs, administrative inefficiencies, and a 2020 scandal involving a Ukrainian national's death in custody. SEF's responsibilities were redistributed: security functions to PSP/GNR/PJ, and administrative immigration matters to AIMA and IRN.
Expat Interface: Expats contact AIMA for residence permit applications and renewals (D7 passive income, D8 digital nomad, Golden Visa), family reunification, asylum requests, and visa extensions. AIMA operates 34 service counters nationwide, requires complete document submission (mandatory since April 2025), and processes cases that typically take 6-18 months. The agency inherited 300,000+ pending cases from SEF, with government funding allocated to clear backlogs.
A new European border control system for non-EU citizens has officially come into force across the European Union. The system, which utilizes biometric data, follows a phased implementation period that previously caused processing constraints at Lisbon airport.
The number of Brazilian citizens denied entry at Portuguese airports fell by 49% in 2025 compared to the previous year, with 749 individuals turned away. Despite this decrease, the Annual Internal Security Report (Relatório Anual de Segurança Interna or RASI) indicates that the total number of foreign nationals denied entry into Portugal has increased overall.
Nearly 3,000 Nepalese nationals living in Portugal are at risk of expulsion after submitting residency applications that included forged stamps on otherwise genuine criminal records. These individuals, who have been working in the country since 2022, were reportedly victims of a scam. The government of Nepal has formally requested assistance from Portuguese authorities to resolve the status of these residents.
The government of Nepal has formally requested assistance from Portuguese authorities regarding the status of 2,800 Nepalese nationals currently at risk of expulsion. The situation highlights ongoing bureaucratic challenges faced by foreign residents in Portugal as the country manages its immigration processes. No immediate resolution has been announced by the Portuguese government.
The Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) is reviewing amendments to the Nationality Law (Lei da Nacionalidade) this Wednesday to address concerns raised by the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional). The proposed changes include provisions for the loss of Portuguese nationality for individuals convicted of serious crimes with sentences of at least six years. While the government coalition is confident, the Socialist Party (Partido Socialista or PS) and Chega have not yet guaranteed their support for the revised text.
Update: PSD and Chega reach agreement on nationality rules
The Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata or PSD) and CDS-PP have secured an agreement with Chega to pass the revised law. The deal, announced by PSD parliamentary leader Hugo Soares, includes stricter criteria for denying nationality based on convictions for criminal association and arms trafficking, while removing previous requirements regarding social welfare dependency.
The Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) is Portugal's unicameral parliament, located in the Palácio de São Bento in Lisbon. It consists of 230 deputies elected by proportional representation for four-year terms.
The Assembly's powers include making and amending laws, approving the state budget, ratifying international treaties, and overseeing the government through debates, hearings, and committees. It can also pass votes of no confidence to bring down a government, as happened in March 2025.
Following the May 2025 elections, the current parliamentary composition is led by the Democratic Alliance (AD) with the largest share of seats, followed by Chega, PS, and smaller parties including the Liberal Initiative, Left Bloc, Livre, and PCP.
The Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) is Portugal's highest court for constitutional review. Its primary role is to assess whether laws, decrees, and government actions comply with the Portuguese Constitution, and it has the power to strike down or suspend unconstitutional measures.
The court consists of 13 judges — 10 appointed by the Assembly of the Republic and 3 co-opted by the other judges. It also oversees the legality of political parties and their finances, verifies election results, and rules on the constitutionality of referendums.
The Constitutional Court is frequently in the news when opposition parties, the President, or the Ombudsman refer controversial legislation for review — such as labor reforms, housing laws, or immigration policy changes. Its rulings are final and binding.
Health cards are private membership or discount schemes sold by companies that offer access to consultations, tests or reduced fees at private clinics; they are not the public health service. The Socialist Party (Partido Socialista or PS) has proposed regulation to increase transparency and protect consumers from misleading marketing or unexpected charges.
Hugo Soares is the PSD parliamentary leader, as noted during a recent biweekly debate. He warned the PSD will pursue all available measures if it believes an amendment to the lay-off decree-law approved by the opposition violates the law, which matters for workers and employers following labour-rule changes.
Chega ("Enough") is a Portuguese far-right populist party founded in 2019 by André Ventura. It positions itself as an anti-establishment movement against what it calls a "rotten and corrupt system" of PS-PSD dominance. The party surged from 1.3% in 2019 to 22.8% in May 2025, becoming parliament's second-largest force with 60 seats. Chega's core platform emphasizes strict immigration control—ending automatic CPLP residency, deporting non-independent immigrants, implementing job-market quotas, and requiring five-year social security contributions before benefit access. It advocates radical constitutional reform, including reducing parliament to 100 members, abolishing the prime minister position for a presidential system, and dismantling public healthcare. Law-and-order policies include life imprisonment and chemical castration proposals.
The party is defined by inflammatory anti-Romani rhetoric, with Ventura convicted multiple times for discrimination. Chega maintains international alignments with European far-right figures including Marine Le Pen, Santiago Abascal, and Matteo Salvini. Mainstream Portuguese parties, including Prime Minister Luís Montenegro's government, have imposed a cordon sanitaire, refusing coalition with Chega despite its parliamentary strength.
Approximately 23,000 immigrants were notified to voluntarily leave Portugal last year, a significant increase from the 444 notifications recorded in 2024. The data, released in the Annual Internal Security Report (Relatório Anual de Segurança Interna or RASI), highlights a sharp shift in immigration enforcement. These notices typically give individuals a set period to depart the country before facing formal deportation proceedings.
The Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata or PSD) and CDS-PP have submitted new proposals to amend the Nationality Law (Lei da Nacionalidade) following a rejection by the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional). The revised text maintains the loss of nationality (perda de nacionalidade) as a penalty for certain crimes but reduces the number of applicable offenses and raises the required sentence length. Chega leader André Ventura stated his party will not support the measure, accusing the government of being too similar to the socialists.
Update: PS submits proposals to fix unconstitutional nationality law
The Socialist Party (Partido Socialista or PS) has submitted three sets of amendments to address the court's concerns and introduce a transitional regime. The PS proposes that a prior criminal conviction should not automatically block the acquisition of nationality and maintains its opposition to the penalty of loss of nationality. Parliament is scheduled to debate the various proposals this Wednesday.
The Social Democratic Party ('Partido Social Democrata' or 'PSD') is a liberal-conservative political party in Portugal that is the leading partner of the The Democratic Alliance (AD) which is the country's ruling party, with Prime Minister Luís Montenegro.
The Social Democratic Party, despite its name, occupies the centre-right of Portugal's political spectrum. Luís Montenegro, who became Prime Minister in April 2024, leads Portugal's current minority government. The PSD has been one of Portugal's two dominant parties since 1974, having formed nine governments including four with absolute majorities. Montenegro, a former party leader from 1996-1999, was elected with the highest approval rating among party leaders at 10.7 points out of 20.
The Democratic Alliance is a centre-right coalition that includes the smaller CDS – People's Party, a Christian democratic party that has historically been the PSD's coalition partner. Together, they govern without a parliamentary majority, requiring case-by-case support from opposition parties to pass legislation.
The CDS–PP is the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party (Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular), a small centre-right, Christian-democratic party founded in 1974. It often partners with the larger PSD in parliament; in February 2026 it voted with the PSD and IL to approve a housing package, so its parliamentary support can influence housing and other policy outcomes.
André Ventura, born January 15, 1983, is a lawyer, academic, and Portugal's most prominent far-right leader. He founded Chega ("Enough") in 2019 after his PSD mayoral campaign attacked the Romani community. Chega surged from 1.3% in 2019 to 22.8% in May 2025, becoming parliament's second-largest party and making Ventura Leader of the Opposition.
His platform emphasizes immigration restrictions, law-and-order policies, constitutional reform, and contains inflammatory anti-Romani rhetoric that has triggered multiple discrimination convictions and investigations. Politically classified as far-right by international media, Ventura cultivates alliances with European far-right figures including Marine Le Pen and Santiago Abascal.
Socialist Party (PS)
Portugal's other traditional major party suffered a historic collapse in the 2025 election, dropping from 78 to 58 seats and falling to third place for the first time in democratic history. The party was led by Pedro Nuno Santos from January 2024 until his resignation following the May 2025 defeat. José Luís Carneiro, a 53-year-old former Minister of Internal Administration known for his moderate positioning within the party, was elected unopposed as the new Secretary-General with 95% of votes in June 2025. The Socialist Party governed Portugal from 2015 to 2024, including an absolute majority from 2022 to 2024 under António Costa, who resigned in November 2023 amid a corruption investigation. The PS previously led the innovative "Geringonça" (contraption) coalition government from 2015-2019, a minority government supported by the Left Bloc and Portuguese Communist Party that reversed austerity measures and presided over economic recovery.
The Institute of Registries and Notaries (Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado or IRN) is facing a backlog of approximately 516,000 pending citizenship applications. Immigrant groups report that the average waiting time for a decision has reached three years, leading some to compare the agency's delays to those of AIMA. The backlog affects all applicants, including the children and grandchildren of Portuguese citizens.
The Institute of Registries and Notaries (Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado or IRN) is the government body that manages civil, land, and commercial registries in Portugal. It is currently processing a backlog of 516,000 nationality applications, resulting in average wait times of three years. These delays impact all applicants, including children and grandchildren of Portuguese citizens.
Cultural mediators working for the Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA) have announced a strike for Monday to protest their working conditions. The workers are demanding integration into the agency's permanent staff, salary parity, and formal recognition of their roles. They argue that without their mediation services, the agency cannot effectively process the needs of the immigrant community.
Update: Mediators protest at Government headquarters
Striking cultural mediators gathered at the Government headquarters today to press their demands for integration into AIMA's permanent staff. The protest coincides with the start of their industrial action, showing ongoing labor disputes within the agency responsible for immigrant integration.
Students from Portuguese-speaking African countries (Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa or PALOP) are reporting significant hardships due to visa delays and high living costs in Portugal. Many students arrive months after the academic year begins, which severely impacts their mental health and academic performance. The delays are described as a systemic barrier for international students entering through special quotas.
The Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) will debate petitions on April 1st that propose changing how the five-year residency requirement for citizenship is calculated. The proposal suggests the countdown should begin when a foreigner first requests residency from the Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA), rather than when the permit is actually issued. Visa holders should note that this change could significantly shorten the total waiting time for Portuguese nationality (nacionalidade portuguesa).
The Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) is Portugal's unicameral parliament, located in the Palácio de São Bento in Lisbon. It consists of 230 deputies elected by proportional representation for four-year terms.
The Assembly's powers include making and amending laws, approving the state budget, ratifying international treaties, and overseeing the government through debates, hearings, and committees. It can also pass votes of no confidence to bring down a government, as happened in March 2025.
Following the May 2025 elections, the current parliamentary composition is led by the Democratic Alliance (AD) with the largest share of seats, followed by Chega, PS, and smaller parties including the Liberal Initiative, Left Bloc, Livre, and PCP.
Hundreds of immigrants, primarily from Nepal, have filed complaints with the Judicial Police (Polícia Judiciária or PJ) regarding forged criminal record certificates (Certificado de Registo Criminal). The Nepalese embassy estimates at least 2,000 victims were scammed by companies promising legal documents for residency applications. Visa holders should note that AIMA has already identified nearly 3,000 applications with fraudulent stamps, which could lead to expulsion.
The PJ (Polícia Judiciária) is Portugal's national criminal investigation police agency, founded in 1945. Operating under the Ministry of Justice and supervised by the Public Ministry (prosecutors), the PJ is a "higher criminal police body" specializing in serious and complex crimes. Mission: The PJ assists judicial and prosecuting authorities by investigating terrorism, organized crime, homicide, kidnapping, drug trafficking, corruption, cybercrime, financial crime, and money laundering. It conducts forensic examinations, operates Portugal's Interpol and Europol liaison offices, and maintains specialized units including the National Counterterrorism Unit and National Anti-Corruption Unit. Difference from PSP/GNR: While PSP (civilian urban police) and GNR (military rural police) focus on preventive policing, public order, and investigating minor crimes, the PJ exclusively handles serious crime investigation requiring specialized technical and scientific expertise. PSP and GNR report to the Ministry of Internal Affairs; PJ reports to the Ministry of Justice. PJ officers receive higher pay and prestige but face greater operational risk.
The Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) released guidance to help immigrants avoid technical errors on its digital portals. Users are advised to use short filenames without special characters, accents (acentos), or cedillas (cedilhas) to speed up the analysis of residency processes. Those awaiting residency should be aware that switching browsers or checking file sizes can also resolve submission failures.
Business leaders in the construction and agriculture sectors have expressed satisfaction with the Protocol for Regulated Labour Migration (Protocolo para a Migração Laboral Regulada), noting improved visa processing times. However, the Confederation of Portuguese Farmers (Confederação dos Agricultores de Portugal or CAP) warned that delays in issuing tax and social security numbers remain a significant hurdle for new arrivals. Workers entering through these channels should prepare for potential bureaucratic bottlenecks regarding their initial documentation.
The Confederation of Farmers of Portugal is the main national farmers' association (Confederação dos Agricultores de Portugal, CAP) that represents agricultural producers and lobbies government on farming and rural issues. Its secretary-general noted the food-basket price has risen about 26% in recent years, and CAP warns that storm damage and higher input costs can push grocery prices and supply disruptions higher — residents should expect potential short-term price rises after severe weather.
The government reports a positive assessment of the Cooperation Protocol for Regulated Labour Migration (Protocolo de Cooperação para a Mobilidade Laboral Regulada), which has processed over 3,300 visas in its first year. Approximately 60% of these work visas were granted for the agricultural sector to help meet labor demands. Those seeking work visas should note that this protocol aims to accelerate applications through the Portuguese diplomatic network in their home countries.
The regulated migration protocol is a system that allows business associations to request work visas for foreign citizens to fill specific labor shortages. In its first year, the program processed 1,163 visas, focusing on sectors where companies struggle to find local workers. Those seeking to move to Portugal for work should be aware that this mechanism provides a direct path through employer-backed applications.
Cultural mediators at the Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo or AIMA) have scheduled a strike for March 30. The workers are demanding integration into the agency's permanent staff, arguing that they are currently employed under precarious conditions while performing essential roles. Those awaiting residency appointments or integration services should note potential disruptions at AIMA offices on the strike date.
The Portuguese government is introducing a “return package” (pacote de retorno) to speed up the deportation of illegal immigrants, including extending detention periods to 180 days. The measures remove legal protections for those with less than five years of residency and eliminate the 20-day voluntary departure notice. Minister of the Presidency (Ministro da Presidência) António Leitão Amaro confirmed that funding is available to implement these changes immediately. Visa holders and those awaiting residency should note these stricter enforcement protocols.
António Leitão Amaro is Portugal's Minister of the Presidency (Ministro da Presidência) in the government led by Luís Montenegro. He is a key figure in the Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata or PSD) and often is the government's spokesperson. Those following housing and rental policy should note his role in announcing the June 2024 measures regarding evictions and inheritances.
The Tax and Customs Authority (Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira) clarified that Non-Habitual Residents (Residentes Não Habituais or NHR) can cancel their status to benefit from the Youth IRS (IRS Jovem) regime instead. This option is available to those who have never utilized the NHR tax benefits and meet the age requirements for the youth scheme. Taxpayers should consult a professional to determine which regime offers greater savings before the April filing deadline.
Former Socialist Party (Partido Socialista or PS) leader António José Seguro has been elected President of the Republic (Presidente da República) with 66.84% of the vote. He identified health, justice, and immigration as his top priorities for the mandate. Residents should note this marks his return to active politics after a decade-long absence.
António José Martins Seguro (born March 11, 1962, in Penamacor) is a lawyer, political scientist, and the current President of the Portuguese Republic, inaugurated on March 9, 2026 after winning the two-round presidential election in January–February 2026.
Career: He led Socialist Youth (1990–1994), served as MEP (1999–2001), was Minister Adjunct to PM António Guterres (2001–2002), and led the PS parliamentary group (2004–2005). Elected PS Secretary-General in 2011 with 68%, he led the opposition during Portugal's bailout era. In 2014, António Costa defeated him in party primaries by a landslide, prompting Seguro's resignation and a decade-long retreat from politics. He returned in 2025, launching the movement UPortugal and announcing his presidential candidacy in June. He received official PS backing in October 2025 and won the presidency in February 2026.
Political philosophy: Seguro positions himself as representing a "modern and moderate" left, advocating financial responsibility while opposing austerity. As President, he has emphasized institutional trust, efficient governance, and a collaborative relationship with the government while maintaining rigorous constitutional oversight.
Socialist Party (PS)
Portugal's other traditional major party suffered a historic collapse in the 2025 election, dropping from 78 to 58 seats and falling to third place for the first time in democratic history. The party was led by Pedro Nuno Santos from January 2024 until his resignation following the May 2025 defeat. José Luís Carneiro, a 53-year-old former Minister of Internal Administration known for his moderate positioning within the party, was elected unopposed as the new Secretary-General with 95% of votes in June 2025. The Socialist Party governed Portugal from 2015 to 2024, including an absolute majority from 2022 to 2024 under António Costa, who resigned in November 2023 amid a corruption investigation. The PS previously led the innovative "Geringonça" (contraption) coalition government from 2015-2019, a minority government supported by the Left Bloc and Portuguese Communist Party that reversed austerity measures and presided over economic recovery.
The SOS Racismo movement has condemned the Chega party for displaying “anti-immigration propaganda” at the Futurália education fair in Lisbon. The party's stand, visited by leader André Ventura, featured posters comparing Portugal to Bangladesh and referencing the “Great Replacement” theory. Those attending the fair should note that the movement has called on the Ministry of Education to clarify the rules for political participation in events aimed at young people.
Chega ("Enough") is a Portuguese far-right populist party founded in 2019 by André Ventura. It positions itself as an anti-establishment movement against what it calls a "rotten and corrupt system" of PS-PSD dominance. The party surged from 1.3% in 2019 to 22.8% in May 2025, becoming parliament's second-largest force with 60 seats. Chega's core platform emphasizes strict immigration control—ending automatic CPLP residency, deporting non-independent immigrants, implementing job-market quotas, and requiring five-year social security contributions before benefit access. It advocates radical constitutional reform, including reducing parliament to 100 members, abolishing the prime minister position for a presidential system, and dismantling public healthcare. Law-and-order policies include life imprisonment and chemical castration proposals.
The party is defined by inflammatory anti-Romani rhetoric, with Ventura convicted multiple times for discrimination. Chega maintains international alignments with European far-right figures including Marine Le Pen, Santiago Abascal, and Matteo Salvini. Mainstream Portuguese parties, including Prime Minister Luís Montenegro's government, have imposed a cordon sanitaire, refusing coalition with Chega despite its parliamentary strength.
André Ventura, born January 15, 1983, is a lawyer, academic, and Portugal's most prominent far-right leader. He founded Chega ("Enough") in 2019 after his PSD mayoral campaign attacked the Romani community. Chega surged from 1.3% in 2019 to 22.8% in May 2025, becoming parliament's second-largest party and making Ventura Leader of the Opposition.
His platform emphasizes immigration restrictions, law-and-order policies, constitutional reform, and contains inflammatory anti-Romani rhetoric that has triggered multiple discrimination convictions and investigations. Politically classified as far-right by international media, Ventura cultivates alliances with European far-right figures including Marine Le Pen and Santiago Abascal.
