Policies & Laws – Portugal FAQs for Expats

Question 1

How do Portugal's recent road-death figures compare to past years and to the EU average?

Accepted Answer

Portugal has seen a long-term decline in road deaths since 2000, and recent years show substantially fewer fatalities than two decades ago; for example, the country recorded roughly 380 road deaths in 2023 (about 37 per million), down from much higher rates around 2000. That places Portugal slightly below or close to the EU average (around 42 deaths per million); by comparison Germany is about 38 per million, France about 52 per million and the UK about 25 per million, so Portugal sits between lower- and higher-performing EU states.

Question 2

What is Mercosur and why does it matter for Portugal?

Accepted Answer

Mercosur (*Mercado Comum do Sul*) is South America's largest trade bloc, comprising Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay as full members. It has been negotiating a landmark free trade agreement with the European Union for over two decades.

The EU-Mercosur deal matters for Portugal because of the country's deep historical, cultural, and economic ties with Brazil — Portugal's largest non-EU trading partner and home to the biggest Portuguese diaspora community. A deal would reduce tariffs on European exports (including Portuguese wine, olive oil, and textiles) while opening EU markets to South American agricultural products (beef, soy, sugar, ethanol).

Portuguese farmers, particularly in the beef and dairy sectors, have expressed concern about competition from lower-cost South American producers. Environmental groups have criticized the deal over deforestation risks in the Amazon. The agreement requires ratification by all EU member states and the European Parliament, making its passage politically complex.

Question 3

How does the crime of peculato apply to public officials?

Accepted Answer

The crime of *peculato* (embezzlement) occurs when a public official misappropriates money or property they manage due to their position. Convictions in Portugal typically carry prison sentences of one to eight years and often lead to the removal of the official from their post. Residents should be aware that these charges are frequently used in investigations involving the misuse of municipal budgets for personal or unauthorized expenses.

Question 4

What is Portugal's Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR)?

Accepted Answer

The PRR (*Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência*) is Portugal's national program under the EU's NextGenerationEU recovery fund, worth approximately €22.2 billion — roughly €16.6 billion in grants plus €5.6 billion in loans. Approved in 2021, it funds reforms and investments across housing, digital transition, climate action, healthcare, and public administration.

Payments from the European Commission are tied to specific milestones and targets. Missed deadlines or incomplete reforms can delay disbursements, affecting public works, infrastructure projects, and social programs that depend on PRR funding.

The PRR is one of the largest investment programs in Portugal's recent history and touches areas from affordable housing construction to hospital modernization, school renovation, and green energy transition. Progress is monitored by the European Commission through regular reviews.

Question 5

What is the Regressar Programme?

Accepted Answer

The Regressar Programme (*Programa Regressar*) is a government initiative designed to support Portuguese emigrants who choose to return to Portugal. It provides financial incentives and tax benefits, such as a 50% reduction in personal income tax (*Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares* or *IRS*) for a five-year period, to help ease the transition back into the country.

Question 6

What are apoios do Estado?

Accepted Answer

State aid (*apoios do Estado*) are emergency supports the central government can provide after events like severe weather, floods or storms; they may include direct cash payments, repair grants, tax relief or temporary housing help. Municipalities and civil-protection bodies usually handle applications and set deadlines, and applicants typically need ID (citizen card or NIF), proof of ownership or damage and any required receipts — residents and property owners should check their local council for precise rules.

Question 7

What are preços moderados?

Accepted Answer

Moderate-price housing (*preços moderados*) means homes sold with a legal maximum price set to keep certain properties affordable, often as part of public or subsidised housing programmes. These caps and eligibility rules are set by national or municipal housing authorities and can change, so buyers and renters should check the local municipality or the national housing institute for current limits and rules.

Question 8

What are public water points?

Accepted Answer

Public water points (*pontos de água públicos* or *pontos de abastecimento de água*) are municipal taps or distribution sites set up to provide safe drinking water when regular supplies are disrupted after storms or floods. Municipalities publish their locations (as Pombal council has done); bring clean containers, check opening hours and any water-quality notices, and contact your local council if you need help or have supply problems.

Question 9

What are recycling points?

Accepted Answer

Recycling points (*ecopontos*) are public drop-off sites with colour-coded containers for sorted waste like paper, glass, plastic and metal, usually run by municipalities or local waste companies. The waste regulator found access to these containers is low and recycling rates are below targets, so residents should check their municipality’s map and collection rules to use the nearest recycling point and improve local recycling rates.

Question 10

What are short-term rentals?

Accepted Answer

Short-term rentals are residential properties let for short periods (typically days or weeks) through platforms like Airbnb or Booking, often used by tourists and temporary visitors. In Portugal these *alojamentos de curta duração* have been linked to reduced long-term housing supply and rising rents, and the EU and national authorities are discussing new rules that could change registration, limits or taxes for hosts.

Question 11

What are housing fiscal measures and why does the estimated €200–300 million cost matter?

Accepted Answer

Housing fiscal measures are government tax changes or incentives aimed at the property market — examples include changes to property tax (IMI *Imposto Municipal sobre Imóveis*), stamp or transfer taxes (IMT *Imposto Municipal sobre Transmissões Onerosas de Imóveis*) and income‑tax (IRS *Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares*) deductions for renovations or rental incentives. The estimated €200–300 million budgetary cost shows the measures have a meaningful impact on public finances and signals whether the government is prioritising tax relief for homeowners, landlords or construction, which can affect property prices and rental markets that matter to expats.

Question 12

What is a bathing area?

Accepted Answer

A bathing area (*zona balnear*) is a stretch of coastline or inland water officially monitored and classified for bathing-water quality by national and local authorities. Monitoring typically happens during the bathing season (usually May–September) and the classification determines whether a beach is recommended for swimming and what safety or pollution warnings are posted.

Question 13

What is a cubic hectometre (hm³)?

Accepted Answer

A cubic hectometre (hm³) is a volume unit equal to 1 million cubic metres (1,000,000 m³), which is the same as 1 billion litres. Water authorities and reservoir reports in Portugal use hm³ to state stored water, so figures quoted in hm³ show how much usable water there is and help estimate how long supplies will last.

Question 14

What is a precautionary evacuation?

Accepted Answer

A precautionary evacuation is a temporary, pre-emptive move ordered by authorities to get people out of areas at imminent risk from events like storms, floods or fires. Residents should follow instructions from the National Authority for Emergency and Civil Protection (*Autoridade Nacional de Emergência e Proteção Civil*), take essential documents and medication, and expect to return only when officials declare it safe.

Question 15

What is a T0 apartment?

Accepted Answer

A studio (*T0*) is a one-room apartment with no separate bedroom, so living, sleeping and often kitchen areas share the same space. In Portugal listings T0 means zero bedrooms; these units are typically 20–40 m², usually the cheapest rental option and popular with students or single residents, so check whether the listing includes a full kitchen or only a kitchenette.

Question 16

What is an insurance claim and what should I do first after storm damage?

Accepted Answer

An insurance claim is a formal request to your insurer to pay for loss or damage covered by your policy. After storm damage, report the loss to your insurer as soon as possible, take dated photos, keep receipts for emergency repairs, and follow the insurer's instructions for documentation and inspection so you don't miss any policy deadlines.

Question 17

What is an insurance excess and how does it affect payouts and premiums?

Accepted Answer

An insurance excess is the amount you agree to pay yourself when you make a claim; the insurer pays the rest. Choosing a higher excess usually lowers your premium but means you pay more after a claim; excesses are often shown as a fixed sum or percentage and commonly range from about €100 to several hundred euros for home and car policies.

Question 18

What is ASF?

Accepted Answer

ASF is the insurance and pension funds supervisory authority (*Autoridade de Supervisão de Seguros e Fundos de Pensões*). It regulates insurers, monitors solvency and protects policyholders; here ASF is gathering information on claims and financial guarantees to assess sector costs and whether insurers’ practices comply with rules, which can affect claim payouts and industry stability.

Question 19

What is Casa Para Viver?

Accepted Answer

Casa Para Viver is a Portuguese housing campaign platform that organises protests and actions about housing affordability; it announced a national protest for March 21 in Lisbon against current government housing policies. Residents and renters should note its events because they highlight public pressure on rent and price controls and can influence local policy debate.

Question 20

What is climate risk?

Accepted Answer

Climate risk is the likelihood that climate-related hazards—storms, wildfires, droughts or floods—will cause damage because people, property or infrastructure are exposed and vulnerable. In Portugal this risk is increasingly treated as structural rather than occasional, affecting insurance, housing choices and emergency planning for residents and local authorities.

Question 21

What is Estatuto de Carreira Docente?

Accepted Answer

The teachers' career statute (*Estatuto de Carreira Docente*) is the legal framework that sets recruitment, job categories, promotion rules and working conditions for public‑school teachers in Portugal. Problems linked to staffing under this system have been cited by the National Federation of Teachers as a reason why more than 158,000 students lacked classes in January.

Question 22

What is fado and why is it culturally important in Portugal?

Accepted Answer

Fado is a traditional Portuguese music genre characterized by melancholic singing and themes of longing and fate, with distinct Lisbon and Coimbra styles; it was inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2011. For expats, fado is both a living cultural tradition and a common tourist experience — attending a small fado house in Lisbon or Coimbra offers insight into Portuguese history, language and social life.

Question 23

What is local accommodation (*alojamento local*)?

Accepted Answer

Local accommodation (*alojamento local*) means short-term tourist rentals—private apartments, houses or rooms rented for days or weeks—that must be registered and licensed with municipal authorities. Municipalities can suspend or cancel licences (Lisbon cancelled about 6,700 licences in early 2026), so travellers and hosts should check a listing's registration and local rules before booking or offering stays.

Question 24

What is MiCA and how does it affect crypto-asset businesses in Portugal?

Accepted Answer

MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets) is a comprehensive European Union regulation designed to standardize rules for crypto-asset service providers across all member states. It requires companies to obtain specific authorization to operate, ensuring greater consumer protection and market transparency compared to the previous fragmented national frameworks.

Question 25

What is Missão Escola Pública?

Accepted Answer

An *Missão Escola Pública* (Public School Mission) is a grassroots civic movement in Portugal that has spent months surveying heads of school groupings ( *agrupamentos de escolas* ) and standalone schools to collect complaints and evidence about problems in the education system. Its months-long survey compiles school leaders' reports to inform public debate and policy discussions, so those working in schools or parents should be aware of its findings.

Question 26

What is multi-risk home insurance?

Accepted Answer

Multi-risk home insurance (*seguro multirriscos habitação*) usually covers a building and its contents against events like fire, storm, water damage, theft and third‑party liability, though exact coverages and excesses vary by policy. After storm damage you should check whether flood or landslide damage is excluded or requires extra cover and keep photos and receipts to speed up any claim.

Question 27

What is PEAAP?

Accepted Answer

PEAAP is the Special Programme for the Alqueva and Pedrógão Reservoirs, a government planning process to align environmental protection, water management and the different economic uses around those two reservoirs. Its decisions can change local rules on water allocations, irrigation and environmental restrictions, so farmers, water users and residents in the affected areas should follow the process.

Question 28

What is Portugal 2030?

Accepted Answer

Portugal 2030 is a development program that manages €22.6 billion in European Union funds to improve the country's economy and infrastructure. These funds support projects ranging from digital innovation to climate transition and social equality. Residents often see the impact of this funding through local public works and business development grants.

Question 29

What is public housing and why does passing land to municipalities matter for its development?

Accepted Answer

Public housing (in Portuguese, *habitação pública*) is housing provided or subsidised by the state or municipalities to make rent or ownership affordable for low‑ and middle‑income households. Requiring developers to transfer land to municipalities frees space for new public housing projects, which can increase supply and ease rental pressure in cities — something those seeking long‑term housing should watch.

Question 30

What is public‑road testing of autonomous vehicles?

Accepted Answer

Public‑road testing of autonomous vehicles allows companies to trial self‑driving cars and other autonomous systems on real streets under a legal framework and safety conditions rather than only on private tracks. Portugal's Council of Ministers approved rules to allow these tests so developers can validate systems in real traffic and regulators can set requirements for safety, insurance and oversight.

Question 31

What is qualified fraud?

Accepted Answer

Qualified fraud (*burla qualificada*) is a more serious form of fraud under Portuguese law that involves aggravating factors like organized schemes, use of false documents or causing large financial losses. It carries heavier criminal penalties than simple fraud and is usually investigated by the Polícia Judiciária; victims can pursue criminal charges and civil compensation.

Question 32

What is recenseamento.pt?

Accepted Answer

recenseamento.pt is the official Portuguese website for checking and updating voter registration and finding your assigned polling station ahead of elections; it lets voters confirm their registration status and address on the electoral roll. Voters planning to vote in Portugal (or Portuguese citizens abroad who register via consulates) should check the site before election deadlines to avoid problems like being turned away or casting a null vote.

Question 33

What is social housing and why does the investment in Funchal matter?

Accepted Answer

Social housing (*habitação social*) is housing provided or subsidised by public authorities so low-income households can access affordable rent or ownership. The Madeira government is investing €4.2 million to build 27 social-housing units in Funchal, a local project that increases affordable supply and can reduce waiting lists; those seeking housing should be aware that eligibility normally requires legal residency and income below set thresholds.

Question 34

What is sustainability?

Accepted Answer

Sustainability (*sustentabilidade*) means meeting present needs without reducing the ability of future generations to meet theirs, covering environmental, economic and social dimensions. For residents it affects local planning, jobs and services—look for municipal or company targets, timelines and measurable actions when assessing how sustainable a place or employer is.

Question 35

What is the €10,000 reconstruction grant?

Accepted Answer

The €10,000 reconstruction grant is a one‑off emergency payment announced to help households and businesses in storm‑damaged areas pay for urgent repairs and immediate rebuilding. Eligibility, application rules and deadlines are set by the national government and the affected municipalities, so people with damaged property or interrupted businesses should check local municipal notices or civil protection updates for how to apply.

Question 36

What is the 1st Cycle?

Accepted Answer

The 1st Cycle (Portuguese *1.º ciclo do ensino básico*) is Portugal's early primary education covering grades 1–4, typically for children aged about 6–10. Teacher shortages are currently concentrated in the 1st Cycle — Fenprof estimates about 23,000 pupils without all teachers and 363 school‑hired posts unfilled — so parents of young children and schools should expect temporary staffing or larger class sizes in affected areas.

Question 37

What is A.N.D.A.R.?

Accepted Answer

The National Association of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients (*Associação Nacional de Doentes com Artrite Reumatoide* or A.N.D.A.R.) is a support group for people with chronic inflammatory joint diseases. It works to improve patient care and recently highlighted cases where patients must travel over 100 kilometers weekly for treatment. Those with chronic conditions should note that such associations provide vital resources for navigating the public health system.

Question 38

What is the Código da Estrada and why is it currently in the news?

Accepted Answer

The *Código da Estrada* (Highway Code) is the primary set of traffic laws and regulations governing road safety and driver conduct in Portugal. The government is currently drafting a new version of this code, which may introduce stricter penalties for high-speed driving, such as classifying speeds of 180 or 200 km/h as criminal offenses.

Question 39

What is the Atlantic Constellation?

Accepted Answer

The Atlantic Constellation (*Constelação do Atlântico*) is a collaborative space initiative between Portugal and Spain involving a network of small satellites for Earth observation. These satellites provide real-time data on maritime safety, climate change, and biodiversity across the Atlantic region. The project is linked to the Alverca Space Hub, a satellite factory in Portugal expected to finish construction in mid-2024.

Question 40

What is the driving instruction with a tutor scheme?

Accepted Answer

The driving instruction with a tutor scheme (known in Portugal as *condução acompanhada*) lets learner drivers practise supervised driving with an approved tutor—often a parent or experienced driver—outside formal lessons to build hours before taking the driving test. The government will simplify and expand the scheme, shifting some control away from driving schools and reducing administrative barriers for supervised practice.

Question 41

What is the E-Lar programme?

Accepted Answer

The E-Lar programme is a new Portuguese government support scheme announced by the Minister of Environment and Energy to help people buy photovoltaic panels for small-scale solar generation. It aims to lower the upfront cost of installing rooftop solar and will be launched shortly; households and small businesses interested in solar should watch the ministry website for application rules and timing.

Question 42

What is the EU Strategy for Combating Poverty?

Accepted Answer

The EU Strategy for Combating Poverty is a policy framework the European institutions use to coordinate member states' efforts to reduce poverty and social exclusion, targeting access to adequate income, housing, services and employment support. The European Parliament's recent approval of a report on the strategy signals political backing that may influence funding and national measures, so low‑income residents and benefit applicants should watch for changes in programs or eligibility.

Question 43

What is the extraordinary rent support scheme?

Accepted Answer

The extraordinary rent support scheme is a temporary state program set up to help tenants and landlords in financial difficulty by providing short-term aid, mediation or guarantees to cover unpaid rent and avoid evictions. In practice it is handled through government departments or local services, and recent reports of delays and irregularities mean applicants should keep paperwork, track deadlines and may need to complain to oversight bodies if aid is slow or denied.

Question 44

What is the Family Unit Communication?

Accepted Answer

The family unit communication (comunicação do agregado familiar) is the declaration taxpayers make on the Tax Portal to confirm who belongs to their household before submitting the annual tax return. It is done every February on the *Portal das Finanças* and this year the deadline normally on February 28 was moved to Monday, March 2, so households should complete it early to avoid filing problems.

Question 45

How will changes to the Lei do Arrendamento affect rental agreements?

Accepted Answer

The *Lei do Arrendamento* (Leasing Law) is the primary legal framework governing rental agreements in Portugal. Recent government updates aim to speed up evictions for non-payment while maintaining protections for vulnerable residents to encourage more property owners to enter the rental market. Tenants should note that these changes may affect notice periods and dispute resolution processes.

Question 46

What is the Luso‑Spanish Summit?

Accepted Answer

The Luso‑Spanish Summit is a regular bilateral meeting between the governments of Portugal and Spain where prime ministers, ministers and officials agree cooperation measures; the 36th summit in Huelva will include 11 Spanish and seven Portuguese ministers and expects to sign about ten agreements, with a focus on civil protection. For people in border regions, those agreements can change joint disaster response, transport links and other cross‑border services.

Question 47

What is the mobile phone ban in schools?

Accepted Answer

The mobile phone ban in schools is a policy to restrict students' use of phones during school time; Education Minister Fernando Alexandre said the government would consider extending the ban up to Year 9 if evidence shows clear benefits. Parents, students and teachers should watch for formal changes, since extension to Year 9 would affect pupils roughly aged 14–15 and may be adopted at national or school level.

Question 48

What is the Mobility Social Allowance and who would it help?

Accepted Answer

The Mobility Social Allowance is a proposed social benefit to help low-income people cover transport costs; the government said it will decide on the scheme soon (January 2026). According to the minister, the proposal requires beneficiaries to have no outstanding debts to the tax authorities or Social Security, so it could help commuters and users of public transport but would exclude people with unresolved tax or social-security arrears.

Question 49

What is the National Energy and Climate Plan?

Accepted Answer

The National Energy and Climate Plan (*Plano Nacional Energia e Clima*) is Portugal’s roadmap for energy, emissions and efficiency policies covering the 2021–2030 period and setting national targets and measures. It defines rules, incentives and capacity goals that guide private investment and projects—such as the Cleanwatts expansion—and affects permits, subsidies and grid access for solar and other renewables.

Question 50

What is the NRAU?

Accepted Answer

The NRAU is the *Novo Regime do Arrendamento Urbano* (New Urban Lease Regime), the legal regime that reformed Portugal's urban rental law and governs most residential leases. A ten‑year moratorium on applying some of its rules to older contracts has expired, which has allowed landlords to pursue repossession cases such as the order for Casa Pereira da Conceição to vacate.

Question 51

What is the National Data Centre Plan?

Accepted Answer

The National Data Centre Plan (*Plano Nacional de Centros de Dados* or *PNDC*) is a government strategy introduced in March 2024 to attract investment in digital infrastructure. It establishes guidelines for developing data centers to strengthen Portugal's position as a hub for technology and cloud services in Europe.

Question 52

What is the PNRE?

Accepted Answer

The PNRE is Portugal's National Building Renovation Plan (*Plano Nacional de Reabilitação do Edificado*), a government programme to renovate existing buildings, improve energy efficiency and encourage reuse of vacant or underused properties for housing. It bundles public funding, tax measures and technical guidance, so property owners, developers and those seeking affordable housing should watch its rules and incentives.

Question 53

What is the PNSE?

Accepted Answer

The National Strategy for Sex Education (*Plano Nacional de Educação Sexual* or *PNSE*) is a government-led framework designed to integrate sexual health and relationship education into the Portuguese school curriculum. It focuses on topics such as consent, gender identity, and sexual health to ensure students receive standardized information throughout their education.

Question 54

What is the Portuguese Insurance Association?

Accepted Answer

The Portuguese Insurance Association (*Associação Portuguesa de Seguradores*) is the industry trade body that represents insurers in Portugal, collects sector data and speaks with government and the media after major events. On 14 February 2026 it reported more than 100,000 claims from recent bad weather (about half reported in the previous week); policyholders should contact their insurer promptly and check their cover and claims process.

Question 55

What is the Prestação Social Única?

Accepted Answer

The single social benefit (*Prestação Social Única* or *PSU*) is a proposed government measure intended to consolidate various existing social support payments into one streamlined system. The government aims to simplify the application process and reduce administrative complexity for beneficiaries by replacing multiple fragmented subsidies with this unified payment.

Question 56

What is the PSU?

Accepted Answer

The PSU (*Prestação Social Única*) is a proposed single social benefit designed to consolidate various existing welfare payments into one streamlined system. The goal of this reform is to simplify access to support, reduce administrative complexity, and improve work incentives for low-income households.

Question 57

What is the PTRR?

Accepted Answer

The PTRR is Portugal's Transformation, Recovery and Resilience plan, the national programme that channels EU recovery funding (NextGenerationEU) into investments and reforms after the COVID-19 shock. It totals about €16.6 billion in grants plus €2.7 billion in loans (≈€19.3 billion) and runs mainly from 2021–2026, financing projects in green transition, digitalisation and social infrastructure that affect public spending and investment decisions expats may notice in housing, transport and services.

Question 58

What is the Regime Jurídico da Urbanização e da Edificação?

Accepted Answer

The Regime Jurídico da Urbanização e da Edificação is Portugal's national legal framework that sets the rules for urban planning, building permits, construction standards and inspections. Proposed changes to this law can change how municipalities approve projects and issue licences, so the ANMP's refusal to back the government's bill matters for developers, local authorities and anyone planning to buy or renovate property.

Question 59

What is the Regime Jurídico dos Graus e Diplomas?

Accepted Answer

The *Regime Jurídico dos Graus e Diplomas* (Legal Regime for Higher Education Degrees and Diplomas) is the national law governing how academic titles are awarded in Portugal. The government is currently reviewing this regime to introduce mandatory proficiency standards in English and mathematics for student enrollment. Prospective university students should be aware that these changes may affect admission requirements in the near future.

Question 60

What is the regime of Portuguese education abroad?

Accepted Answer

The regime of Portuguese education abroad (*Regime do Ensino Português no Estrangeiro*) is the legal framework that governs Portuguese‑curriculum schools, accreditation, teacher appointments and state support for schools outside Portugal. Changes to this regime affect funding, staffing and how diplomas are recognised, so teachers and families living abroad should watch any proposed revisions.

Question 61

What is the Rendimento Social de Inserção?

Accepted Answer

The social insertion income (*Rendimento Social de Inserção* or *RSI*) is a non-contributory social benefit designed to support individuals and families living in extreme poverty. It provides a monthly financial allowance alongside a mandatory integration plan that encourages recipients to actively participate in training or employment programs to improve their economic situation.

Question 62

What is the right to be forgotten?

Accepted Answer

The right to be forgotten (*direito ao esquecimento*) is a legal protection that prevents banks and insurance companies from using a person's past medical history, such as cancer or HIV, to deny credit or insurance. In Portugal, this right typically applies ten years after the end of treatment for adults, or five years if the illness occurred before age 21. Residents seeking life insurance or mortgages after recovering from serious illness should be aware of these protections.

Question 63

What is the Recovery and Resilience Plan?

Accepted Answer

The Recovery and Resilience Plan (*Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência* or *PRR*) is a national program funded by the European Union to support economic recovery and modernization following the COVID-19 pandemic. It allocates billions of euros to projects in areas such as climate transition, digital transformation, and social infrastructure.

Question 64

What is the Schengen Agreement?

Accepted Answer

The Schengen Agreement is a treaty that created an area without internal border controls among most European countries, allowing for the free movement of people. While it facilitates travel, member states (*países membros*) retain the right to temporarily reintroduce border checks during specific events or security threats, as seen in recent temporary measures at ports and airports.