The final report by European experts confirms that the Iberian blackout was caused by cascading failures and recommends strengthening regulatory frameworks and coordination between grid operators and major producers to prevent similar events. Experts did not assign legal responsibility, leaving that assessment to national authorities. The investigation highlights that the incident on 28 April 2025 was the most serious and unprecedented in the European electrical system in over 20 years, resulting from a combination of factors including voltage control gaps and rapid production shutdowns. Experts clarified that the issue was not the use of renewable energy itself, but rather how voltage control is implemented across all generation units.